MOBILIZATION, DEPLOYMENT, AND REDEPLOYMENT
Force Projection
Force projection is the ability to project the military element of national power from CONUS or another theater, in response to requirements for military operations. Force projection operations extend from mobilization and deployment of forces to redeployment to CONUS or home theater. A force projection Army must deploy, build, and sustain combat power wherever required under ever increasing time constraints.
Force projection requires a foundation of strategic mobility in order to be credible. Strategic mobility is the capability to deploy and sustain military forces worldwide in support of national strategy. Strategic mobility relies on a triad consisting of the following:
Following the Persian Gulf War a Mobility Requirements Study (MRS) Bottom-Up Review was conducted (and subsequently updated) to study mobility requirements for the post-Cold War Army. The study concluded that the military could increase its deployability through expanded sealift, airlift, prepositioning and transportation infrastructure. The Army Strategic Mobility Program (ASMP), which was initiated to address the MRS, resulted in the Army developing a capability to provide a crisis response force of up to Corps size (5 and 1/3 divisions) from CONUS and OCONUS forward presence locations. The following mobility standards were established:
Force projection is a joint activity. At the operational level, JTFs are t he primary military organization that conduct operations as a part of force projection. Within a JTF, the Corps may be designated as the principal Army force. A Corps generally has the command and control, combat, CS, and CSS to execute a force projection mission. Divisions could be directed to undertake force projection operations as part of a Corps, as part of a joint task force, as a joint task force headquarters, or as the ARFOR headquarters within a JTF. When deployed as part of a JTF, the division may not have its traditional Corps headquarters and supporting units. In this arrangement, the division works directly for the joint force commander. Divisions are normally not designated as joint task force headquarters. A more common scenario is for the division to be designated as an ARFOR Headquarters within a JTF. Examples of the division as ARFOR are Operations RESTORE HOPE in Somalia , JOINT ENDEAVOR in Bosnia , and VIGILANT WARRIOR in Kuwait , and most recently Operation Iraqi Freedom (CJTF) in Baghdad . Appendix B discusses ARFOR deployment considerations for force projection operations.
FM 100- 5 , Operations, identifies the following stages in the force projection process:
These stages may not be distinct. Activities of one stage will often blend with others. This chapter focuses on the mobilization, deployment and redeployment stages of force projection. Predeployment activities are included as part of the deployment discussion. FM 100-5 provides Army operations doctrine and the fundamentals of Army force projection operations.
SECTION I. MOBILIZATION
During mobilization, all or parts of the armed forces are brought to a state of readiness for war or other national emergency. Mobilization provides the supported commander with forces (units), manpower (individuals) and logistics support.
Divisions rarely have specific predesignated responsibilities for mobilizing RC forces. Non deployed Corps and divisions, however, could be tasked to support RC unit mobilization. Division and Corps commanders monitor the mobilization of units that will provide key support to their operations. In some situations, the division commander may request activating specific RC units for specific missions or individual mobilization augmentees (IMAs) to round out his staff. These requests are based on mission analysis and forwarded through Corps headquarters.
Army installations play a vital role in mobilization as training centers and departure points for active and reserve forces. A key consideration for division planners is that resources the installation normally provides in support of deploying the division (e.g., departure airfield control group [DACG], nontactical vehicles, and staging area support) may need to be balanced against the installation’s mobilization support requirements. FM 100-17, Mobilization, Deployment, Redeployment, and Demobilization, addresses the mobilization process in greater detail.
Mobilization is a five-phased process designed to be a concurrent and continuous operation rather than a sequential process. The five phases are:
Phase 1-Planning . This phase concerns both AC and RC efforts during peacetime to plan, train, and prepare to accomplish all required mobilization and deployment tasks. Planning for mobilization includes unit operational requirements, training requirements, personnel and equipment status, and the impact of mobilization on soldiers, their families, and the community. During the planning phase, units are expected to complete as many soldier readiness processing (SRP) actions as possible. Examples include medical, dental, financial, legal, family support activities, and family care plans. Logistically, units may have shortages of authorized personnel, equipment, supplies, or other items such as prescribed load list (PLL) parts. Commanders should recognize and initiate actions to resolve these areas of concern. This phase ends with an alert notification.
Phase 2-Alert . This phase of mobilization begins when a unit receives notice of a pending order. The unit is mobilized, actions to complete SRP begun in Phase 1 are implemented, and a final personnel screening is conducted for deployability. Personnel and equipment may be cross-leveled to bring alerted units to a minimum deployability criteria as determined by higher command levels after DA Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations (DCSOPS) approval. RC units coordinate with and prepare to move to their assigned mobilization station (MS). This phase ends with the unit's entry on active duty.
Phase 3-Home Station . This phase begins with AC preparation for deployment and RC preparation for the unit's entry on active federal duty. AC and RC unit activities at home station include an inventory of unit property, dispatching the advance party to the MS, load-out, convoy clearance to the MS, any required supporting installation (SI) or coordinating installation (CI) assistance, activating the plan for retrieval of equipment in maintenance or on loan, and execution of the movement plan. This phase ends when the unit arrives at the MS.
Phase 4-Mobilization Station . Phase 4 begins with unit arrival at the MS or mobilization site. Command of the arriving unit passes from the appropriate numbered Army in the continental US (CONUSA) to the MS command authority. SI and MS unit actions include continued SRP processing, other personnel and equipment processing as required, and conduct of mission essential training. Units conduct individual and collective training tasks and update unit status reports (USR), movement data, and the DEL. Units are validated and reported as available for movement to the POE. This phase ends when the unit arrives at the POE.
Phase 5-Port of Embarkation . Phase 5 begins with the arrival of the unit at its POE. Unit actions at the aerial port of embarkation (APOE) or seaport of embarkation (SPOE) include preparing and loading equipment and manifesting and loading personnel. This phase ends with the departure of personnel and equipment from the POE.
SECTION II . DEPLOYMENT
Deployment is the component of force projection that focuses on the relocation of forces and materiel to the desired area of operation. (See Figure 3-1.) Deployment encompasses all activities from origin or home station, specifically including intra-continental US, intertheater, and intratheater movement legs, staging, and holding areas. For force projection operations the Army must be capable of executing any combinations of strategic deployments including movement from CONUS to a theater of operation, movement from one unified command to another unified command, intertheater deployments between theaters of operation within the same AOR, and movements within CONUS. Deployments rely on the strategic mobility triad of strategic airlift, strategic sealift, and pre-positioning.
Figure 3-1. Deployment Process
During major contingencies, forces deploy from power projection platforms (PPPs) and power support platforms (PSPs) within the United States or from forward bases. The first forces to deploy secure the lodgment for the receipt of follow-on forces. These early arriving forces generally arrive by air in tactical configuration. They may be followed by personnel transported by air who draw prepositioned equipment. After these forces close, follow-on forces will likely deploy the majority of their equipment by sea (historically 90 percent) with the remainder by air. Troops will continue to arrive by air and will reform with their equipment in theater. The deployment process is conducted in four major phases:
Doctrinal references for deployment include Joint Publication 3-35, Joint Deployment and Redeployment Operations; FM 100-17 , Mobilization, Deployment, Redeployment, and Demobilization;FM 4-01.011, Unit Movement Operations; and FM 100-17-3Reception, Staging, Onward Movement, and Integration (RSO&I).
PREDEPLOYMENT ACTIVITIES
Predeployment activities are those actions taken at home station or point of origin to prepare individuals, units and materiel for deployment. Both active and reserve component units may deploy. Mobilization of RC units could begin during predeployment activities or during any later phase. Predeployment activities are essentially constant and ongoing events. Examples are training validation, deployment planning, task organization, equipment maintenance, and SRP.
During peacetime operations, Army divisions identify, train, and prepare their units to accomplish critical wartime tasks. Because divisions must deploy forces quickly with little notice, preparation and deployment of forces become critical tasks. All division units recognize deployment as a mission-essential task and annotate it as such on their METLs. The division organizes its assets to rapidly assemble, prepare, and move upon alert notification. The division task-organizes, echelons, and tailors forces prior to moving them.
Organization of Division Forces
The division normally task-organizes for deployment into brigade-sized elements. A combat arms brigade of three ground maneuver battalions serves as the base for each brigade task force (TF). It is complemented with appropriate combat, CS, and CSS units (brigade slice). These brigade TFs are designated division ready brigades (DRBs), according to their stage of readiness and sequence in a deployment schedule (i.e., DRB 1, DRB 2, DRB 3).
The DRB 1 is the first brigade TF to deploy. It is postured to meet the division's initial deployment timelines. Units following the DRB 1 (in the precrisis plan) are in a lesser deployment posture. This allows greater flexibility for unit training and related support activities.
The division ready brigades' ground maneuver battalions form the division ready force (DRF). These battalions also maintain various stages of readiness, depending on where they fall in the planned deployment sequence. One battalion task-organized with combat, CS, and CSS forms the DRF 1 battalion. It is the first unit in the DRB 1 to deploy. The DRF 1 designates one of its companies as the initial ready company (IRC). The IRC is the first unit to respond to division crisis requirements.
Combat, CS, and CSS elements not task-organized with a DRB or DRF are organized into separate support packages (SUPPACs) according to the division plan. These elements are also task-organized to initially provide an advance party and operational elements. The advance party prepares for the reception of follow-on forces. Initial operational elements provide the necessary support to sustain operations of the DRB 1. The advance parties also establish a support base for the arrival of the remainder of the division. This organization facilitates the division’s ability to rapidly tailor and deploy SUPPACs for a separate brigade operation if the entire division does not deploy.
A core force-package structure helps to modify and deploy forces quickly when a crisis occurs. Tailoring is adding to or subtracting from planned task organizations. It is situational dependent and occurs after the commander and staff complete a thorough mission assessment. Divisions tailor forces after identifying initial strategic lift, prepositioned assets, host nation support and contract services or assets.
Division Readiness Procedures
Divisions are normally alerted for force projection missions through the JOPES deliberate or crisis-action procedures. Warning and alert messages provide critical information that initiates division actions. Crisis-action team (CAT) members (normally selected division staff members) are alerted and assemble. The team modifies an existing OPLAN or develops a new OPLAN and prepares to issue it to the division. Early decisions on force package modifications permit the efficient integration of changes into the deployment sequence. At the appropriate time, the division initiates its alert notification and begins the crisis action planning (CAP) sequence. On alert, notification units initiate personnel assembly procedures, strength accounting and mission planning and commence deployment activities outlined in the division's readiness standard operating procedures (RSOP) or deployment SOP. The division's precrisis organization enables the commander to rapidly modify his force list to include joint and non-Army assets, depending on METT-TC factors and availability of strategic lift.
The division establishes a formal deployment system to synchronize resources and events for an effective and efficient deployment. This system is documented in the division's RSOP or deployment regulation. These documents prescribe unit procedures for the preparation and overall conduct of deployment activities. Subject areas normally addressed include:
Outloading
Outload procedures are established to quickly move the division and are normally documented in the division RSOP or deployment regulation. These procedures lay out events and activities by hour from the time of notification through the deployment of the division's trail unit. The outload sequence is based on the division's standard precrisis task organization into DRBs. METT-TC requirements may necessitate tailoring the standard task organization. The outload sequence should be flexible enough to accommodate these changes.
The installation or garrison is normally responsible for outloading the division. If required, other agencies and supporting units assist in pushing the deploying units. The division should minimize using organic assets for outload support. If, however, the installation or associated nondivisional elements are unable to perform all outloading tasks, the divisional units perform outload support. The division identifies if special assets are needed, and the installation obtains them from other installations or commercial resources.
Deploying Unit Preparation
Deploying units begin preparing their equipment and soldiers for deployment in unit marshaling areas and motor pools. Activities include preparation of required equipment documentation (e.g., military shipping labels, and hazardous cargo labels, see Table 2-1 in Chap t er 2), preparation of sensitive cargo, and containerization of equipment. The appendices to FM 4-01.011 provide requirements, procedures, and further references in these deployment preparation areas. DOD 4500.9-R, Defense Transportation Regulation Part III, Mobility, also contains procedures for unit deployment preparation in unit marshaling areas. Other unit marshaling area activities normally include:
Containers
A key outload support consideration is use of containers. In CONUS, the ITO is responsible for container control, accountability, and certification. Deploying units may have Equipment Deployment Storage System (EDSS) containers nested on organic equipment for strategic deployment. Additional equipment beyond the capacity of unit EDSS containers may require transport in common user 20 and 40-foot containers provided by DoD, FORSCOM, and the ASMP. These containers travel by surface to the theater of operations to be married with units, unstuffed, and returned to the Defense Transportation System (DTS). The ASMP 20-foot containers will only be used to deploy divisions with DRBs. Division requirements for additional containers (including leasing) are identified to the Corps level and to the ITO.
Predeployment activities may include spotting of containers in unit locations for stuffing by unit personnel. This requires coordination for trucks (tractors) to spot and pick-up containers, and may require CHE. Within the division the MCO normally coordinates container movement with the deploying units and the ITO. Depending on the magnitude of the deployment and the number of containers involved, transport assets can be heavily committed to container movement during the predeployment and movement to POE phases of the deployment process. Appendix L to FORSCOM/ARNG Reg 55-1, Unit Movement Planning, provides more information on containerization for deploying FORSCOM units including container markings and documentation requirements. FM 55-80, Army Container Operations, is a consolidated container reference document that incorporates policy, doctrine and procedures needed to conduct container operations across the range of military operations. SDDCTEA Reference 96-55-23, Containerization of Military Vehicles, provides methods for securing military vehicles in containers as well as basic information gathered from military exercises.
A key DTO and deploying unit planning factor is whether APS will be drawn in support of operations in the AO. If an APS draw is planned the DTO and deploying units review the Automated Battlebook System (ABS). The ABS provides detailed reference information and real-time visibility of the afloat and land based APS. Battlebook reference information for APS land and afloat sites is accessible at https://ww w.b attleweb.com. Detailed equipment listings for APS sites are available on an ABS compact disk (CD) and by accessing https:/ / www.ba ttleweb.com To obtain the CD go to http://ww w.battlebooks.com and access the “CD Distribution” link. FM 100-17-1, Army Prepositioned Afloat (APA)Operations, contains Army doctrine for APA operations.
Training on the use of ABS and a CD containing APS inventories is also available from the FORSCOM DCSLOG Power Projection Logistics Division (AFLG-P2L-P&O [ABS], DSN 367-6151 or commercial (404) 464-6151.) Training is conducted on site by a FORSCOM Mobile Training Team. The instruction provides a detailed presentation on each APS program and includes responsibilities of unit teams drawing stocks.
FM 71-100 , Division Operations, provides more detail on Division predeployment activities and planning considerations.
DTO Activities
Upon division receipt of alert or warning for force projection missions, the DTO begins planning for the deployment of forces while simultaneously working on plans for operations in the area of operations (AO). The DTO focuses on planning the movement of forces to the POE and coordinates with the ITO, Corps or JTF as applicable for the strategic portion of the movement. (See strategic airlift and sealift in Section II of Chapter 2 . ) The DTO develops the plan for unit movement to the POEs. Close coordination with the ITO is required to ensure the plan is supportable. Movement of personnel and equipment to the POE could be by rail, convoy, commercial or military truck, barge, or any combination of these means.
The DTO or part of the DTO staff works with other division staff in developing the OPLAN and OPORD. DTO efforts during this process are directed toward developing the deployment flow in coordination with G3 staff, reception at POD, and transportation operations in the AO.
The DTO also begins to evaluate whether a requirement exists for transportation assets/resources beyond the division’s organic capability to support division operations in the AO. Coordination with the division G3 and G4, Corps or other headquarters may be needed to obtain additional transportation capability for inclusion in the division’s task organization. An essential part of this effort is determination of whether a cargo transfer capability with associated CHE/MHE and truck transport is required to offload and transship deploying units and cargo at the PODs. If required, these units and equipment must be sequenced in the TPFDD flow to arrive ahead of the deploying equipment/cargo that require its capability for offloading and processing. This same planning consideration applies to the redeployment POEs and PODs. Appendix A to FM 55-15, Transportation Reference Data, contains tables of organization and equipment (TOE) for cargo transfer units and terminal service units and their associated capability.
When directed, the ITO and/or other units as designated in the RSOP or deployment regulation begin to establish the necessary outload support such as installation staging areas, railhead support, DACG operations or other activities required to support unit deployment. The DTO coordinates with the responsible outload organization and monitors operations to ensure the support is in concert with deployment plans.
A critical predeployment function is maintenance of the unit AUEL. When notified for movement, deploying units use TC-ACCIS to develop their DEL from the AUEL. Due to the crisis nature of many contingency operations, the DEL must be accurately produced in a limited amount of time. The division normally requires that all DELs be finalized by an established date and time. After this time, no changes are made to the DEL without division level approval. The DTO normally monitors DEL development and may approve/validate the deployment information in coordination with the G3. Once approved, the DEL is sent to the ITO. The ITO submits the DEL to FORSCOM where it is entered into the Computerized Movement Planning and Status System (COMPASS) database and then used to update JOPES. Accurate movement information is also essential for producing accurate military shipping labels (MSLs). The MSLs are placed on all deploying equipment.
Movement to POE activities normally begin with ASCC receipt of an execute order. The order, along with any additional guidance is forwarded to the appropriate subordinate commands, deploying units, and installations. Deploying units are then validated and configured for movement. The SDDC port call message identifies the date the unit must have their equipment at the POE to meet available to load dates (ALDs). The port call message or the operations order for sealift will also normally include details for vehicle reduction and preparation. The Air Mobility Command enters APOE and air flow scheduling information into GTN. Scheduling information is also available in the Joint Operation Planning and Execution System (JOPES). Based on port call messages and air schedules, the division backward plans movements to the POEs. The DTO normally prepares a movement schedule or order containing unit movement times and modes for movement to POEs.
Deploying unit equipment normally moves from unit marshaling areas to a central staging area on the installation for further processing. The name, organization and responsibilities for these installation level staging or marshaling areas may differ between divisions; however, the functions performed to prepare units for movement are essentially the same . The following paragraphs discuss the activities conducted in a notional installation staging area (ISA). (See Figure 3-2.)
The installation staging area is a centralized location where deploying units assemble their equipment for continued movement to the POE. The installation is normally responsible for the operation and organization of the ISA. Depending on local SOPs, nondivisional units or designated divisional units may have responsibilities for operating, monitoring, or performing selected functions within the ISA. DSB personnel may also be present in the ISA to assist units in movement preparation. (See Chapter 2, AC/RC Support, for more information on DSBs).
At the ISA, unit equipment is inspected for cleanliness, serviceability, proper shipping configuration, blocking and bracing of secondary loads, shipping documentation and vehicle/container markings, fuel levels, and any other criteria required to meet deployment standards. Equipment failing to meet standards is placed in holding areas until deficiencies are corrected. When established standards are met, the equipment is sequenced for loading according to mode of transport. Prior to leaving the ISA deploying units update their unit movement data (if not already accomplished) with actual equipment weights, dimensions, and load information. MSLs are also in place on equipment prior to departure from the ISA. The MSLs may be scanned at the ISA for production of GBLs.
Figure 3-2. Notional Installation Staging Area
From the ISA, units continue their movement to POEs. Based on the unit's proximity to the POE, the availability of railcars, and the type of unit equipment, the unit may move to POEs by convoy, rail, air, barge, commercial truck or bus, or a combination of modes. Equipment moving by rail moves from the ISA to a separate rail marshaling/staging area at the railhead to begin loading. Rotary wing aircraft generally self-deploy to the POE. Passengers usually move to the POEs by organic vehicles or by military or commercial buses. General requirements and mode considerations for convoy, rail, sea, and airlift movements are discussed in Section II of Chapter 2.
DTO Activities . During the movement to POE phase the DTO develops the movement schedule/flow (if not already accomplished as a predeployment activity) for movement to POE and ensures that the schedule is followed. Other DTO activities mayinclude:
POD lift schedules and to preclude problems associated with strategic sealift andairlift.
The following paragraphs describe SPOE/APOE activities for unit deployments. FM 4-01.001 and DOD 4500.9-R , Defense Transportation Regulation Part III, Mobility provide greater detail on SPOE/APOE organization and operations.
Seaport of Embarkation (SPOE) Operations
USTRANSCOM, through SDDC, is the DoD designated single port manager for all worldwide common user seaports. Units deploy equipment and supplies by sea through a port that is generally commanded or contracted by SDDC. Where SDDC does not have a Transportation Terminal Brigade (TTB) or other contractual agreements, a SDDC Deployment Support Team temporarily operates the SPOE.
Transportation terminal brigades/battalions are RC TDA units that allow SDDC to expand the number and capability of SPOEs. TTBs either open the port or assume responsibility for port operations. A TTB commander is SDDC's port commander at expansion ports. TTBs conduct ocean terminal operations at the established ports where existing manpower, equipment, and infrastructure are available. When operating in the United States, TTBs are assigned to HQ SDDC.
All ports must have assured communications and the ability to provide ITV of unit equipment during this phase of movement. This capability must extend to providing advance arrival information to the POD.
SDDC directs deployment of units and sustainment through SPOEs according to the TPFDD. The port call message identifies the earliest/latest dates the unit must arrive at the SPOE for movement processing and vessel loading. SDDC’s deployment duties and responsibilities include:
For movement to SPOEs deploying units and equipment may use an enroute marshaling area. These areas are ideally located near the port staging area and in the immediate vicinity of rail and truck discharge sites. The SPOE marshaling area is the final enroute location for preparation of unit equipment for overseas movement prior to the equipment entering the port staging area. Establishment of a marshaling area reduces congestion within the terminal area and provides space for sorting vehicles for vessel loading. There is no set organization or physical layout for a marshaling area. Equipment arriving at the marshaling area is segregated in accordance with the vessel stow plan. Figure 3-3 depicts activities in a notional marshaling area.
In CONUS, a supporting installation is assigned responsibility for the logistical support of deploying units that transit the marshaling area. The installation element providing this support is not part of the PSA. The PSA operates in the SPOE staging area. If marshaling areas are not used, units move directly to the port staging area.
Figure 3-3. Marshaling Area for Seaport of Embarkation (SPOE) Operations
As the vessel readies for loading, equipment is sent from the marshaling area or installation to the staging area by the port commander based on a call forward plan. The port commander assumes custody of the cargo in the staging area. Activities within the staging area include equipment inspection for serviceability, packing lists/load card, accuracy of dimensions and weights, properly secured secondary loads, and documentation of any cargo requiring special handling. Military shipment labels affixed to the equipment will normally be scanned using bar code readers. (See Fig ure 3-4 for organization of a notional SPOE.)
Helicopters normally self-deploy to a designated area in or near the SPOE where they are prepared and configured for ship loading. Preparation may include the shrink wrapping of helicopters by supporting military units or contractors.
Figure 3-4. Notional Seaport of Embarkation (SPOE)
A PSA may be assigned to augment port operations in the staging area. The PSA is a temporary military augmentation organization comprised of personnel with specific skills that aid the port commander in receiving, processing, and clearing cargo at both SPOE and SPOD. The makeup and operation of the PSA are tailored to the type, size, and mode of transportation of units passing through the port. The PSA is in direct support of the port manager. Within CONUS, designated installations provide a PSA at specific ports. (See FORSCOM/ARNG Reg 55-1, Appendix B for installation PSA assignments.) PSA functions include:
In a mature OCONUS AO, an Area Support Group (ASG) may be designated to provide PSA and associated logistic support for deploying units. In an immature theater or where assigned theater forces are inadequate, the ASG provides logistic support for deploying units, and the deploying force provides PSA support to augment the port commander’s terminal operations force.
When processed, equipment may be segregated into different lots within the staging area by type, size, and other special considerations such as hazardous materials and containerized equipment. From the staging area, vehicles are called forward to load the ship based on the stow plan and call forward schedules.
Aerial Port of Embarkation (APOE) Operations
The Air Mobility Command exercises overall control of APOEs. Resources of the deploying unit are initially under the control of the deploying unit commander. Control passes to the DACG and then to AMC.
APOE operations are divided into four major areas: the marshaling area, alert holding area, the call forward area, and the ready line/loading ramp area. Operating within these areas is the deploying unit, the DACG, the TALCE, and the load teams. (See Figure 3-5.) Each of these organizations has specific responsibilities in one or more of the APOE operating areas. (See DOD 4500.9-R, Defense Transportation Regulation Part III, Mobility, for more information on APOE operations.)
The DACG is designed to assist AMC and the deploying unit in receiving, processing, and loading personnel and equipment. The capabilities of the DACG are tailored based on the mission and the military units performing aerial port operations. Overall responsibility for A/DACG operations in CONUS is assigned to the installations. Personnel and equipment resources come from units or activities which are not required to move with the deploying force. Appendix C to FORSCOM/ARNG Reg 55-1 establishes installation A/DACG tasking assignments for the most commonly used APOEs in peacetime and for mobilization. The DACG may also be a cargo transfer company tailored to the deploying force’s airlift requirements. Nondivisional units routinely provide DACG support in some divisions.
Figure 3-5. Departure Airfield Operations
AMC provides or deploys a TALCE to the APOE to conduct airlift operations, including aircraft and ground support. The TALCE provides minimum essential onload, offload and
enroute AMC mission support during deployment, employment, and redeployment operations. It provides continuous liaison with all interested agencies to ensure the operation proceeds according to plan. At the APOE the TALCE is responsible for aircraft movement control, communications, technical supervision of loading, and aircraft staging.
Marshaling Area
The marshaling area is provided by the installation or base commander of the geographic AOR from which the deploying unit stages its departure. For divisions beginning movement from home station, marshaling area activities could be performed in the unit area, a centrally established area on the installation such as the ISA, or both. Marshaling area activities are the responsibility of the deploying unit commander. Ideally, marshaling area activities should take place as close as possible to the departure airfield.
During marshaling area activities deploying units are normally assisted by the ITO, non-deploying units, or other units and organizations per deployment SOPs or local policy. The deploying unit should not be required to perform support functions, thus permitting concentration on deployment preparation. Deploying unit activities in the marshaling area include:
Within the marshaling area, the DACG is responsible for the following:
Alert Holding Area
The alert holding area is the equipment, vehicle, and passenger control area. It is located in the vicinity of the departure airfield and is used to assemble, inspect, hold, certify hazardous materials and service aircraft loads. Control of loads is transferred from the individual unit to the DACG at this point.
The deploying unit is responsible for:
The DACG is responsible for:
Call Forward Area
The call forward area is the portion of the departure airfield where the joint inspection (JI) of deploying unit equipment and cargo is conducted by the DACG, the deploying unit, and the TALCE. The inspection team completes a DD Form 2133 (Joint Airlift Inspection Record) to indicate to the aircraft loadmaster that the required inspection is complete. When a piece of equipment fails inspection, deficiencies must be corrected and the equipment re-inspected by the inspection team. Upon JI completion, the deploying unit arranges its vehicles (with drivers), pallets, and equipment into the call forward load (chalk) sequence. A final briefing is provided to deploying troops and the TALCE reviews all manifests for accuracy.
DACG responsibilities in the call forward area include:
The TALCE is responsible for the following:
Ready Line/Loading Ramp Area
The loading ramp area, including ready line area, is controlled by the TALCE. At this point control of units, for movement purposes, passes to the Air Mobility Command.
The planeload commander or troop commander is the senior occupant (not part of the flight crew) aboard the aircraft. The troop commander is responsible for:
The load team is an ad hoc organization which usually includes drivers and a small group of soldiers who load, tie-down, and assist the loadmaster in loading the aircraft. The load team chief:
The DACG is responsible for:
The TALCE is responsible for:
Movement of equipment and personnel to the APOE may be in preparation for movement by commercial charter aircraft. In this case actions at the APOE will be IAW commercial carrier instructions and Joint Federal Travel Regulations.
PODs include seaports of debarkation and aerial ports of debarkation. Movement to PODs can be conducted using common-user and organic or assigned and/or attached lift assets. Movement to PODs on common-user transportation is planned and executed by USTRANSCOM in coordination with supported and supporting combatant commanders. Alternatively, movement to PODs on organic or assigned and/or attached lift is the responsibility of the deploying unit commander, in response to mission guidance from the supported JFC. USTRANSCOM assures ITV of forces, to include nonunit-related personnel and supplies through the Global Transportation Network (GTN). (See Chapter 6 for a description of GTN and Appendix A for obtaining access to the system.)
Supercargoes
When strategic movement of unit equipment is by ship, deploying units may need to provide supercargoes to accompany the cargo. Supercargoes are personnel designated on orders by the deploying unit to accompany, supervise, guard and maintain unit equipment aboard the ship. They provide maintenance support, key control, and act as liaison during cargo reception at the SPOE, shipload and discharge operations, and SPOD port clearance operations. The composition of the supercargo teams vary, but they normally include an Officer in Charge/Non-Commissioned Officer in Charge (OIC/NCOIC), classified/sensitive cargo escorts (as required) and maintenance personnel for the type and quantity of equipment being shipped. FM 4-01.001, Appendix G, provides detailed information concerning employment of supercargoes aboard ships.
FORSCOM/ARNG Reg 55-1 provides guidance for FORSCOM units employing supercargoes. The SDDC Deployment Support Command (DSC) notifies FORSCOM of the number of supercargo personnel allowable by ship assignments. For FORSCOM units, routine exercise and real world/contingency supercargo requirements are coordinated through the FORSCOM Operations Center . The basis for determining the number of supercargoes aboard existing RO/RO vessels is one mechanic per 30 prime movers, within the ship's berthing capability. Generally, 3-4 berths are allocated. Unit commanders may recommend the number of supercargoes required; however, the number of berths available is determined by MSC. When more than one unit deploys cargo on the same ship, FORSCOM or a FORSCOM designated action agent specifies which unit will provide the OIC/NCOIC and the number of personnel each unit will provide. Deploying units will coordinate with the PSA and adhere to their call forward instructions prior to sending supercargoes to the SPOEs.
RECEPTION, STAGING, ONWARD MOVEMENT & INTEGRATION (RSO&I)
RSO&I are processes that generate combat power. In a power projection environment the ability to execute missions largely depends on the speed with which combat power can be assembled at required locations. Soldiers and equipment arriving in theater must be efficiently received, rapidly formed into self-supporting units, expeditiously moved to TAAs, and seamlessly integrated into mission operations. The number, types, and sequencing of these units must support the commander’s concept of operations. RSO&I considerations must be included in the earliest stages of operational planning. FM 100-17-3, RSO&I, provides detailed information on RSO&I operations.
This section focuses on basic RSO&I planning considerations and the functions that occur during the RSO&I processes. RSO&I is principally an operational level responsibility. In certain situations, such as the division being designated the ARFOR or JTF headquarters, the division may be assigned partial or full responsibility for planning and conducting RSO&I. Appendix B provides basic considerations for ARFOR operations.
RSO&I Defined
RSO&I consists of four essential and interrelated processes in the AO required to transform arriving personnel and materiel into forces capable of meeting operational requirements. These processes are reception, staging, onward movement, and integration.
The functions of RSO&I are applicable across the entire spectrum of military operations and at all levels of war--strategic, operational, and tactical. Reception is often the interface between the strategic and the operational levels. Staging and onward movement are normally within the operational level. Finally, integration represents the interface between the operational and tactical levels of war.
RSO&I in a Contingency Environment
Deployments may be either opposed or unopposed. In opposed operations, units must have sufficient combat capability to fight immediately upon arrival in-theater. Units are configured tactically and are under the command and control of the force commander from origin to destination. In situations where the objective is limited or the area of operations is small, it may be possible for early entry forces to accomplish the mission with limited support of follow-on forces. In most cases, the immediate focus of early entry forces will be seizure of a lodgment area to expedite the unopposed entry of follow-on forces. The critical planning considerations are the time and force needed to secure the lodgment and the speed of subsequent transition to unopposed entry.
In unopposed strategic deployments, personnel routinely move by air while the majority of the unit equipment moves by surface transport. Units are divided into separate flows of passengers and cargo with commanders retaining command, but no longer exercising control over the multiple parts of the units moving by different modes. The various elements of the deploying force arriving in the theater must reach specific locations and reassemble into tactical units before unit commanders can re-establish control. RSO&I maximizes this process.
During opposed entry operations, division forces conduct forcible entry into an area that may contain hostile forces. The division normally secures an airhead or a beachhead for the arrival of additional forces; however, it could be tasked to conduct immediate combat operations to defeat the enemy. In either situation, early entry forces are predominately combat units. During unopposed entry operations, the division may serve as a deterrent, act as the advance detachment for a much larger deployment that will follow, or participate in non-combat operations. During unopposed entry operations under hostile conditions the division deploys into an AO where combat is underway or imminent, but the APODs and SPODs are secure and under friendly control. The composition of the initial entry force depends on the commander’s analysis of the situation.
In contingency operations, the early and simultaneous deployment of tactical and operational headquarters, including both combat and logistical command structures, is necessary to meet force closure timelines. Planning and coordination with host nation, allied, and other Service early entry forces ensure adequate allocation of resources to the JFC’s priority. The reception and employment of combat, CS and CSS forces must be monitored to establish and sustain the maximum level of combat power. Throughout the deployment Army forces must maintain the flexibility to reconfigure units and adjust deployment sequencing to accommodate the theater commander’s requirements.
RSO&I Planning
RSO&I planning requires an awareness of everything that affects the RSO&I operation. This includes theater infrastructure elements, the development of a TPFDD, and integrated, timely, and reliable communication.
To develop an effective deployment plan, “reverse planning” techniques are used. Tactical plans and timetables are developed followed by the RSO&I timetable needed to meet force closure objectives. The strategic lift required to move the force is then calculated followed by development of the timetable needed to move forces from “fort to port.”
The JFC commander evaluates the geographical area to determine whether it is adequate for the efficient employment of assets, forces, facilities and supporting systems. In cases where the geographical area infrastructure is inadequate, the JFC has the following options:
Time-Phased Force Deployment Data (TPFDD ). RSO&I effectiveness is dependent upon proper TPFDD development. For example, placing rapid port clearance capabilities early in the TPFDD may be essential for ensuring personnel and equipment arrivals can be moved to and united at staging areas without delay. The JFC also ensures that the TPFDD prioritizes joint rather than individual component RSO&I needs. Decisions on TPFDD unit sequencing are critical, as changes made after deployment begins become difficult to implement.
The RSO&I support structure must be responsive to the JFC and his priorities. METT-TC influenced changes may cause certain units to be in high demand or necessary for immediate employment. RSO&I providers must be able to locate these units and coordinate their onward movement. Critical resources such as heavy equipment transporters, fuel support, or buses to move personnel may have to be diverted to rapidly move these units. Communication is the key to managing this type of complex, ever-changing support environment.
Joint and Multinational Considerations
Army operations may be conducted as part of a joint, combined or interagency effort. This increases the difficulty of RSO&I and reaffirms the need for established procedures, mutually understood relationships, and robust liaison. For joint operations the JFC may direct that certain logistics functions be performed by a single Service based on the dominant-user or most-capable-Service concept.
As compared with joint operations, multinational RSO&I presents a greater challenge. Major differences in logistics doctrine, mobility, resources, interoperability, and language will all create problems in the coordinated use of highways, rail lines, seaports, inland waterways and airfields, as well as the provision of support and services to the RSO&I organization. Considerable planning is required to optimize the use of multinational land, naval, and air forces, space management, ship berthing and unloading facilities, transportation, labor, and construction materials. Whenever possible, multinational organizations should be formed to coordinate the RSO&I operation. This should facilitate coalition or alliance members using common items (e.g., POL, medical supplies, tools) and establishing commonly understood control measures.
Reception
Reception is the process of unloading personnel and materiel from strategic transport, marshaling the deploying units, transporting them to staging areas if required, and providing life support to deploying personnel. Reception from strategic lift is implemented at or near designated air and seaports of debarkation (under some circumstances, e.g., Operation JOINT ENDEAVOR, it can also occur at rail facilities) under control of the JTF commander. While the reception plan for each theater may vary, reception capacity must, at a minimum, equal strategic lift delivery capability.
Reception Functions.Reception functions are activities facilitating throughput at the ports of debarkation. They include command and control, movement control and port operations.
Command and Control
Reception is under the command and control of the JFC. Reception planning and execution, however, is the responsibility of the commander assigned the overall RSO&I mission. This designation can require an augmentation of functional units capable of conducting RSO&I and an early presence in the TPFDD.
The Theater Support Command (TSC) is organized to conduct RSO&I for large deployments while the Theater Opening Force Modules (TOFM) are designed specifically to perform RSO&I for smaller deployments. If the JFC determines a TSC or TOFM is needed, it should be positioned early in the TPFDD flow. TOFMs are configured according to the size of the deploying force. FM 100-17-1 provides additional information on TOFMs.
Arrival of strategic airlift and sealift is controlled by the JFC in coordination with USTRANSCOM. Strategic lift assets remain under the command of USTRANSCOM and cannot be diverted or retained without USTRANSCOM concurrence. The APOD and SPOD will be managed by AMC and SDDC respectively and operated by the designated logistics command under command and control of the JFC.
Movement control . A movement control element must be positioned at each reception node, and remain in constant communication with USTRANSCOM elements on-site and with other movement control elements in-theater. The movement control system is responsible for establishing protocols with host/allied nations concerning use of available transportation nodes and links.
Port Operations
USTRANSCOM, through its AMC and SDDC components, will normally manage common-user air and sea POEs and PODs. AMC and SDDC workload the port operator based on the JFC’s priorities and intent. The port management function remains a military responsibility through all phases of theater port operations.
Deploying forces and materiel may enter the theater through one or more Joint Aerial Port and Joint Water Port reception complexes. Each complex contains an air terminal and a water port respectively. These complexes may handle both inbound and outbound movement flows. In addition to the air and water terminals, these complexes contain terminal support functions and sites such as movement control, port clearance, onward movement, postal operations, customs control, holding areas (driver, enemy prisoner of war, noncombatant evacuation operations [NEO], frustrated cargo), and helicopter assembly areas. (See Figures 3-7 and 3-9.)
Reception at the Aerial Port of Debarkation (APOD)
Maximum throughput at limited airports is paramount. The APOD is by nature a joint facility and may also be a multinational facility. It is a port of debarkation for deploying forces, and a port of embarkation for forces moving to other theaters and for noncombatant evacuation. The host nation may limit the APOD to military use or the military may be sharing the facility with commercial activities. The military will most likely be competing for use of the APOD with other governmental and non-governmental agencies.
The APOD serves as the primary port of entry for all deploying personnel, as well as for early entry forces which are normally airlifted into theater together with their equipment. Responsibilities for operating APODs are divided between the Army and USAF. The USAF is responsible for the airfield including air terminal control, loading, unloading and servicing of aircraft. The Army is responsible for clearing personnel and cargo and for life support as required. The Air Force/Army interface occurs between the Air Mobility Command TALCE, and the Army’s A/DACG and port movement control team. If not present in theater, an arrival airfield control group (AACG) capability must be in the lead elements of the transported force.
The main areas of the arrival airfield are the off-load ramp, the holding area, and the unit marshaling area. (See Figure 3-6.) The TALCE will supervise off-loading arriving aircraft. The AACG will escort loads to the holding area and assist the unit in assembling and moving to the unit area. Movement from the unit marshaling area to the theater staging base (TSB) or other location is coordinated by the supporting movement control organization at the APOE.
Figure 3-6. Notional APOD Functional Areas and Responsibilities
Off-load Ramp . The off-load ramp area activities are controlled by the TALCE. Each load will be released to the AACG for return to unit control at the holding area. The chalk leader or troop commander will:
The AACG will:
The TALCE will:
Holding Area . The holding area is controlled by the AACG. Each aircraft load is received and processed for release to the deploying unit or placed into an in-transit holding area. Minor services are performed on unit equipment such as refueling and maintenance. Personnel and equipment are accounted for and released to the unit for movement into the unit marshaling area. The deploying units are responsible for providing unit liaison personnel to AACG and for assisting the AACG as required. The AACG will:
marshaling area for pallet breakdown.
Unit Marshaling Area . The deploying unit terminates its air movement and prepares for in-theater movement in unit marshaling areas. Personnel will normally move to the theater staging base where they will reunite with equipment and supplies. Some small units will arrive by air with accompanying equipment and supplies and will be capable of transporting themselves to the employment location.
Figure 3-7. Notional Joint Aerial Port Complex
Reception at the Seaport of Debarkation (SPOD)
SPOD operations could take place at improved world class ports, unimproved or degraded ports, or at bare beach or no port environments where logistics over-the-shore (LOTS) is required. Each of these port categories carries its own requirements for port reception unit and equipment capabilities. The planner must ensure that the port is capable of receiving the strategic flow. This requires determination of the port throughput capacity i.e., the port’s ability to receive, process, and clear equipment through the port.
SPOD functions consist of off-loading the vessel, moving the cargo to port staging areas, and then clearing the port. (See Figure 3-8.)
Figure 3-8. Notional Seaport of Debarkation (SPOD)
When vessels arrive at the SPOD, the port operator is responsible for discharging the unit equipment, staging the equipment, maintaining control and ITV, and releasing it to the unit. The units receive their equipment and move it to assembly areas outside the terminal.
Equipment Staging Operations within the SPOD . As the vessel readies for off-loading, the port operator establishes a staging area for the transshipment and accounting of equipment. Discharge priorities are based on the JFC’s guidance. The port operator assumes custody of the cargo from the vessel master upon discharge. Equipment is then staged based on theater onward movement requirements. As unit personnel arrive in the theater, they are transported to the SPOD to assume custody of their equipment.
Marshaling Area Operations . The marshaling area, if established, is where units reconfigure their equipment and prepare for onward movement. It is located next to the port. Marshaling areas provide for the following activities and functions:
Since the marshaling area may not always be established at the SPOD, units must be prepared to move directly to the theater staging base or AOs from the port staging area. When this is required, selected marshaling area functions must be performed within the port staging area.
Disposition of Personnel and Equipment within a Joint Water Port Complex
Within the Joint Water Port Complex, arriving materiel is unloaded and moved to the appropriate processing area. (See Figure 3-9.) As unit vehicles are discharged from the ship, unit vehicle operators (or drivers from the PSA) drive them to a Vehicle Assembly Area in the vicinity of the Convoy Assembly Area, or to the railhead (if one is available) depending on the mode used for onward movement.
Arriving unit helicopters will be towed to a Helicopter Assembly Area by trained crews and prepared for flight to a Helicopter Marshaling Area, normally located outside the Water Port Complex.
Containerized non-unit materiel will be unloaded and transported directly to destination or to the Container Holding/Handling Area within the complex. Containerized unit materiel will accompany the other elements of the deploying unit. Breakbulk cargo will be lifted from ship holds and placed on common-user, US, host nation or Allied vehicles for onward movement from the complex as arranged by the port movement control team. Non-unit ammunition arriving in the complex will be transported to designated ammunition storage areas in accordance with local procedures established for hazardous material.
In certain instances, there may be an urgent need for selected sustainment materiel or items of unit equipment arriving by sea to be moved by theater airlift to intermediate or final destinations within the theater. The designated items are unloaded from arriving vessels and immediately transported to a sea-air interface site ( SAIS ). These sites are located within, or in close proximity to, the Joint Water Port Complex for onward movement by theater air.
Figure 3-9. Notional Joint Water Port Complex
Reception for Prepositioned Equipment Operations and Surge Sealift
For forces drawing Army pre-positioned stock (APS) ashore, unit personnel arrive at an APOD. The drawing unit advance party moves from the APOD to the ashore facility to begin drawing equipment. As the main body arrives, it follows the advance party to the APS location. The drawing unit provides a liaison officer to the aerial port prior to unit arrival. The liaison officer prepares for arrival of the advance party and main body by arranging support to move the forces to the equipment site. FM 100-17-2, Army Prepositioned Land, provides doctrine for Army preposition land operations.
For the deploying force drawing APS afloat, unit personnel arrive at an APOD and then move to the SPOD to draw equipment and materiel aboard Army Pre-positioned Afloat (APA) vessels. (See Fi gure 3-10.) These vessels must be sailed to theater to marry up with unit personnel. The APS on these vessels (designated APS-3) contains the expanded reserve of equipment and supplies for an armored brigade, theater-opening CS/CSS units, port opening capability and sustainment stocks.
Figure 3-10. Army Prepositioned Stock-3 (APS-3) Reception
APS-3 discharge operations require the following elements at the SPOD for efficient operations:
The deploying brigade is responsible for providing a liaison officer to the aerial port and to the seaport (through the SLRP), representatives for the OPP, and an ADVON which includes the soldiers necessary for the PSA and the main body. FM 100-17-1, Army Prepositioned Afloat (APA)Operations, contains Army doctrine for APA operations. Additional information on APS-3, to include links to the Automated Battle Book System, is available in the Army Prepositioned Stock discussion within this chapter.
Surge sealift begins arriving in theater around C + 24, and could bring up to 19-20 ships simultaneously to berth. The volume of shipping in surge sealift drives the need for the PSA to be a separate entity. The simultaneous berthing of 19-20 ships could require a PSA of 3,000 to 4,000 soldiers. This volume of soldiers, equipment and cargo creates the need for separate TSBs. The standard is to have forces integrated into the ground commander’s tactical plan within 7 days of ship arrival. The procedure for surge sealift reception is depicted in Figure 3-11.
Figure 3-11. Surge Sealift Reception
Staging
Staging is the process of assembling, holding, and organizing arriving personnel and equipment into units and forces; incrementally building combat power and preparing units for onward movement; and providing life support for the personnel until the unit becomes self-sustaining. During the staging part of RSO&I:
These activities occur in controlled areas at multiple theater staging bases. TSBs are required because space limitations normally preclude reassembly of combat units at the SPODs. In general, there will be at least one TSB for each SPOD/APOD pairing. (See Figure 3-12.)
Legend
A/DACG Arrival/Departure Airfield Control Group MOB Main Operating Base
COB Collocated Operating Base (USAF) NEO Noncombatant Evacuation/Embarkation
COL Contingency Operating Location SPOD/E Sea Port of Debarkation/Embarkation
CSC Convoy Support Center TAA Tactical Assembly Area
MA Marshaling Area TTP Trailer Transfer Point
MEDEVAC Medical Evacuation Point
Figure 3-12. Theater with Multiple Reception Ports and TSBs
TSBs should be located in areas convenient to both the SPOD and APOD, with good lines of communication back to the PODs and forward to the designated TAAs. In addition, the TSB should have sufficient space to accommodate the largest force scheduled to stage through it and facilities for vehicle marshaling, materiel handling, equipment maintenance and calibration, and possibly boresighting and test firing weapons.
Planning Considerations
In order to meet force closure requirements the time units spend staging through the TSB must be minimized. To close a Corps size force by C+75 requires a battalion sized unit to spend no more than two days in the TSB.
During TPFDD development personnel and equipment must be sequenced so that both arrive nearly simultaneously and are quickly readied for onward movement. Troops arriving too early must wait an extended time for the equipment to arrive and can become an inviting target. Equipment arriving too far ahead of troops can cause port congestion problems.
TPFDD planners must also sequence early those units and supplies required to support the troops and equipment in the staging area. This includes medical care, billeting, MHE, rations and other required support capability.
Early deployment of essential support units may reduce the number of early-entry combat units in-theater, but can pay dividends later by speeding the flow of the entire force. Conversely, front loading the TPFDD with combat forces may hurt the JFC’s ability to build up forces as rapidly as required, and thus reduce flexibility.
TSB Functions
The following functions are performed at the TSB to support force closure. Chapter 4 and Appendix B of FM 100-17-3 provide more information for each of these areas.
Life Support . Troops staging through the TSB require support. This includes housing, sustenance, sanitation and health care. RSO&I planners must ensure that these elements are in place and functioning by the time the first troops arrive at the TSB. This may require proper sequencing of engineer, water purification, medical and field kitchen units early in the TPFDD. Flowing these units early may require the displacement of some combat capability; however, it can pay dividends later in the form of higher throughput at the TSB, a faster incremental buildup of combat power, and earlier force closure.
Arming, Fueling, and Fixing . Equipment arriving at the TSB may require maintenance before it becomes combat ready. This includes calibration of equipment, boresighting of weaponry, replacement of parts damaged in transit, fueling, and loading. The TSB must provide adequate facilities to support these activities to include marshaling areas, maintenance shelters, fuel and ammunition storage, a test driving loop, and range areas.
Preparation for Onward Movement . In addition to preparing equipment, units at the TSB could undergo training and reorganization. Commanders re-establish command and control over the unit, and communications networks are established. Unit tracking systems must allow senior commanders to monitor the incremental buildup of combat power of subordinate units. Commanders must also be involved in the planning of the onward movement phase which includes route planning, unit tracking, and movement control.
Security . Theater staging bases are high-value targets. Disruption or damage to TSB operations can result in serious delays in force closure and disruption of the JFC’s concept of operations. Units in the TSB are vulnerable to attack by enemy air, missile, and ground forces. As these units are immobile and only partially combat ready, they have a limited capability for self defense. Moreover, with many troops and their equipment concentrated into a relatively compact area there is potential for mass casualties.
Conversion to Sustainment Operations . TSBs may be converted to distribution sites after the onward movement of the last units. In force projection operations involving the deployment of the five division Corps, theater distribution operations begin with the arrival of the first two heavy divisions by surge sealift. Since the sustainment stockpiles in APS-3 are limited to supplies needed to support the first 30 days of operations, the establishment of theater distribution operations may compete with RSO&I for port space, infrastructure, materiel handling equipment, and other required resources. The arrival of the two additional heavy divisions in the second wave of surge sealift could delay TSB transition to distribution sites, unless these divisions stage through different ports of debarkation and use different TSBs. The advantages of establishing new TSBs, or establishing distribution sites independent of the TSBs, must be determined during the planning process on a case-by-case basis.
Onward Movement
Onward movement is the process of moving units and accompanying materiel from reception facilities and staging areas to the TAA or other theater destinations; moving arriving non-unit personnel to gaining commands and moving sustainment materiel from reception facilities to distribution sites.
Personnel and equipment reformed as combat-ready units must move forward to TAAs based on the JFC’s priorities. Onward movement is a joint/multinational effort that uses the capabilities and organizational structures of other Services, Allies, HN and other governmental entities. It is an iterative activity in which units advance from one LOC node to another.
Onward Movement Planning
The primary planning factors affecting onward movement are movement control, transportation infrastructure, and security and enemy interdiction.
Movement Control . Movement control includes the planning, routing, scheduling, and control of personnel (units) and cargo movements over lines of communication, while maintaining in-transit visibility and force tracking. One of the biggest challenges of movement control is rapidly adjusting to changes in battlefield conditions and the commander’s priorities. This challenge can be met by employing an adequate number of movement control resources and creating a movement control system that has the ability to anticipate and improvise. Efficient movement control enables the commander to redirect forces and rapidly overcome disruptions in the LOC.
The total transportation infrastructure (modes, routes, control factors, host nation assistance, and specialized handling requirements) must be coordinated to maximize speed of movement. The capabilities of the transportation network must be balanced against movement requirements to ensure that modes and routes are neither saturated nor underused.
In most cases, other Services and allied forces will use the same networks as Army units. Invariably, there will be areas of congestion, some of which cannot be overcome. Planners should expect simultaneous demands on limited infrastructure, difficulties in communications, and differences in transportation capabilities.
Establishment of Convoy Support Centers (CSC) and Trailer Transfer Points (TTP) along MSRs and other supporting centers at temporary airfields, rail sites and waterway drop off points facilitates onward movement. These areas allow units and line haul drivers to rest, eat, perform vehicle maintenance and contact movement control personnel as required.
Loading unit containers and other sustainment cargo on theater trailers for movement into Corps and division area is an efficient method of onward movement. There is, however, a twofold challenge: having MHE forward to download containers and getting the trailers back into the transportation system.
Similar to all other transportation assets it is critical that the DTO closely monitor container operations to ensure that the containers are turned in an appropriate amount of time and do not become mobile storage sheds for deploying units. The use of containers as mobile storage facilities can cause a critical shortage of container assets in the logistics pipeline and can also be costly to the division in terms of dollars.
In force-projection operations the onward movement phase can provide the enemy with numerous opportunities to inflict serious losses and delay the build-up of combat power. Lines of communication are vulnerable to multi-dimension threats which could range from missiles with nuclear and chemical warheads to use of special operations forces. Planners must assume that interdiction of LOC will form an integral part of enemy strategy.
To minimize the potential for disruption, multiple LOC should be planned for onward movement. Alternative routing and/or mode substitution is integrated into the operational plan, e.g., air, and inland waterway LOCs may supplement ground LOCs. Depending on the nature of the threat, it may be necessary to establish air defense sites around critical choke points, provide mobile en-route air defenses, or provide convoy escorts.
Security of the LOCs should be at a minimum cost to committed combat units. LOC security measures could include the exploitation of geography, use of host nation and allied civil and military security forces, use of uncommitted combat units, and coordination with the other Services for security assets. It may become necessary, however, to conduct a major operation to secure the LOCs supporting onward movement to guarantee the incremental build up of combat power.
Integration
Integration is the synchronized transfer of authority over units and forces to a designated component or functional commander for employment in the theater of operations. During integration combat-ready units are merged into the operational plan. Consequently, integration planning and coordination must occur early in the force projection process and continue until force closure. Integration is complete when the receiving commander establishes positive command and control over the arriving unit, usually in the TAA.
Integration Process
There are two prerequisites for unit integration:
The time required for integration may vary depending upon the size of the total force, contingency conditions, and the amount of predeployment and ongoing planning and coordination. Rapid integration, however, is critical to the success of combat operations. Adequate planning and coordination can reduce integration time.
Coordination and Planning . Predeployment planning establishes force structure for the contingency and identifies units that must integrate. Once identified, units establish predeployment liaison and plan for theater integration. Coordination measures, including ITV and force tracking, are used to predict the start of force integration and the time required for its completion. Unit mission readiness criteria are an essential element of integration, and must be included in the integration plan. Integration requirements are best defined using end-state analysis based on the JFC’s force requirements. The analysis identifies milestones for deploying units.
Command and Control
Deployment operations are time sensitive with compressed planning timelines the norm. Commanders need timely, accurate information to execute or modify initial plans in response to rapidly changing operational and tactical conditions. The confusion inherent to the deployment process can result in conflicting guidance, frequent planning changes, and inefficient execution of tasks, all of which can delay the buildup of combat power and the force closure.
Control measures, such as liaison officers (LOs) and movement control teams can reduce confusion by coordinating between integrating units, RSO&I forces, and the receiving headquarters. These measures should be established immediately as part of the planning process and be maintained throughout the RSO&I process.
Force Closure . The objective of RSO&I operations is force closure. This is the point at which the JFC determines that adequate, combat-ready forces are available to implement the concept of operations. Force closure requires well-defined criteria that unit commanders can use to judge readiness. RSO&I operations must also be flexible regarding force closure. Commanders may accelerate rates of force integration or change the sequence of unit integration.
SECTION III. REDEPLOYMENT
Redeployment is the transfer of a unit, an individual, or supplies deployed in one area to another area, or to another location within the area, or to the zone of the interior for the purpose of further employment. Army units redeploy in the following four phases:
Although many of the considerations for a redeployment correspond to those for deployment, there are differences. During deployment, elements of a unit are configured for strategic movement with the ultimate goal of reassembling the elements into an effective force in the theater. During redeployment the goal is the same if the unit is redeploying to a new theater to undertake operations. The goal differs, however, if the unit is redeploying to home locations rather than building a force for theater operations.
Redeployment preparation involves re-establishing unit integrity and accountability of personnel and equipment. Units normally redeploy to home stations as pure units. Redeployments to new theaters may require organizational modifications based on mission requirements.
FM 100-17-5Redeployment, provides detailed information for redeployment planning and operations, and is the doctrinal basis for this section.
REDEPLOYMENT PLANNING
Redeployment Responsibilities
Redeployment operations depend on numerous organizations to provide the planning and infrastructure to sustain and move the redeploying forces. This section focuses on the ASCC/ARFOR commander and staff, TSC, installation, and redeploying unit.
ASCC/ARFOR . The ASCC or ARFOR commander and staff receive the JFC's redeployment guidance and plan the redeployment of Army forces, including their reconstitution. The ASCC is also responsible for satisfying training, administrative, and logistics requirements for Army forces. The ASCC/ARFOR commander determines the organization responsible for redeployment operations based on METT-TC. In mature theaters, the ASCC/ARFOR commander delegates much of the support for redeployment to the theater support command. In less developed theaters, the TSC may designate task organized elements to provide necessary support and infrastructure.
Theater Support Command . In coordination with the ASCC/ARFOR commander's staff, the TSC support operations staff modifies the theater distribution plan to meet the JFC's redeployment priorities. The plan synchronizes the assembling, reconstitution, and movement of resources to theater POEs. The movement control agency (MCA) coordinates movement requirements with availability of USTRANSCOM strategic lift assets. The TSC support operations staff in coordination with any functional commands in the COMMZ and the HN coordinates and monitors field service, maintenance, and customs. The support operations staff also coordinates and monitors personnel, medical, and engineer support during movement to and at POEs per ASCC/ARFOR commander direction. The materiel management center (MMC) ensures Class IV sustainment materiel and blocking, bracing, packaging, and tie-down materials are available for redeployment operations.
Installations . Installations normally have assigned redeployment responsibilities for supporting Army forces stationed in the US . For foreign-based forces, the foreign home installation and the ASG have redeployment responsibilities. Upon initiation of redeployment operations, installations begin preparatory actions to receive units at the POD and move them to their home/demobilization station.
Redeploying Unit . Within the division, the DTO in coordination with other division staff develops and coordinates division redeployment movement plans based on ASCC/ARFOR guidance. The DTO also provides movement guidance to subordinate units. This guidance may address:
personnel and equipment to POEs.
Redeployment Transit Areas
Redeployment planning results in a network of transit areas designed to efficiently move forces from their AO to their final destination. Use of these areas will vary based on the situation and redeployment guidance. Additionally, a theater staging base may be required for redeployment.
Assembly Area (AA ). This area is designated for a unit to assemble in after it has been relieved from its operational mission. (See Figur e 3-13 for a notional AA). The AA should be away from the immediate employment area. Units move to AAs for reconstitution, rest, or initial preparation for redeployment. In the AA the unit consolidates equipment and personnel and assesses its capabilities. Movement to, and within, the AA is under control of the tactical commander. If the unit has been relieved of its operational mission for the purpose of redeploying, the AA is where the unit begins to prepare for movement. Units in the AA may reorganize, cross-level supplies, and prepare for movement to a redeployment assembly area (RAA) or directly to a port marshaling area. A unit that has sustained significant combat losses may undergo reconstitution in the AA when needed security and CSS can be provided. (See FM 100-9, Reconstitution).
Figure 3-13. Notional Assembly Area
Redeployment Assembly Area (RAA). RAA operations focus on preparing the redeploying unit for movement to a POE. (See Figure 3 -14 for a notional RAA.) The RAA is normally located within the COMMZ. An RAA may be established when:
The RAA provides the necessary security and support infrastructure to begin reconstitution and other required operations.
Figure 3-14. Notional Redeployment Assembly Area
Marshaling Area. This is the geographic location where a unit assembles, holds, and organizes supplies and equipment for onward movement. Marshaling operations, in preparation for movement, may be conducted within assembly areas (AA/RAA) when terrain or other considerations prevent the designation of separate marshaling areas. During redeployments, marshaling areas are established near APOEs/SPOEs. Within these port marshaling areas unit personnel and equipment are separated and the equipment is configured for shipment. Marshaling areas are also established near PODs as a part of reception activities. These marshaling areas are used to rejoin redeploying unit personnel and equipment and to prepare for onward movement.
Call Forward Area (CFA) . The CFA and the sterile areas are two functional designations related to POE operations. A CFA is a special-purpose area in close proximity to, or within, a POE operations area. Within the CFA, equipment and personnel are processed and organized by specific types for sequential loading aboard lift assets.
Sterile Areas . These areas are holding areas for personnel and equipment after they process through the CFA. Personnel and equipment moved to sterile areas have completed final customs and agricultural inspections and are isolated until loaded aboard lift assets. Early redeployment planning is essential in austere environments and undeveloped POEs to ensure that adequate sterile areas are identified and prepared to meet the needs of the redeploying force. Hard pavement or industrial matting in sterile areas helps prevent bottlenecks in POE operations.
Staging Area . Staging areas are located at key enroute locations, established installations, bases, or within POE operations areas. A staging area may be established for the concentration of large troop units and transient personnel to prepare for movements over lines of communication. Staging areas can also be designated to facilitate change of transportation modes. Assembled units moving to a destination may pass through a staging area established to provide enroute support. A TSB is established for longer duration and more complex support functions. It may have major CSS facilities and be an important enroute transshipment facility for movement of large numbers of equipment and personnel. Support organizations such as ASGs establish and operate staging areas to facilitate movement of units, personnel, and equipment.
A port staging area is located within the POE operations area. This is an area used to process and hold personnel and equipment while they prepare for loading aboard lift assets. (See the Movement t o and Activities at POE discussion in Section II of this Chapter for more information on port staging areas.)
Redeployment Routing
The redeployment plan designates the routing of redeploying units to POEs. After completion of military operations, redeploying forces move to designated AAs. Based on the redeployment scenario, redeploying units could then move from the AA directly to marshaling areas for loading at POE. Redeploying units could also require movement from the AA to an RAA and then to POE, or from an AA to an RAA and theater staging base prior to arriving the POE. (See Fi gure 3-15 .) The routing of units to their final destination depends on strategic lift asset availability, theater transportation facilities and throughput capacities, distance/geography between unit location and POE, potential for hostile action, force size and time available, and follow-on destination and mission. The following paragraphs describe the three routing scenarios depicted in Figure 3-15.
Figure 3-15. Redeployment Routing Scenarios
PHASE I. RECOVERY AND RECONSTITUTION, AND PREDEPLOYMENT ACTIVITIES .
Reconstitution activities begin in the theater before redeployment. They continue after the unit’s arrival at home stations. Reconstitution for redeployment differs considerably from reconstitution for tactical operations. Reconstitution for tactical operations involves the extraordinary actions that commanders plan and implement to restore units to a desired level of combat effectiveness commensurate with near-term mission requirements and available resources. Reconstitution for redeployment focuses on bringing forces to predeployment levels of readiness, the restoration of APS, and the accountability of deployed equipment and soldiers. Additional actions may include: cross-leveling personnel, equipment, and supplies; reorganizing, thoroughly decontaminating unit equipment, preparing unit equipment for movement, developing unit movement data, coordinating movement instructions, processing excess materiel, and accomplishing personnel actions.
PHASE II. MOVEMENT TO AND ACTIVITIES AT POEs
Upon receipt of movement instructions, forces may move to an RAA prior to moving to the POE. The RAA is a relatively secure location where units continue movement preparations. Activities can include washing equipment to satisfy US Customs and Department of Agriculture requirements, loading containers, preparing equipment documentation, conducting customs inspections, finalizing unit movement data, planning rail, bus, and barge movements, and planning convoys for movement to a POE or APS turn-in site.
At the POE redeploying personnel and equipment must be processed for strategic lift. Activities include final US Custom inspections, equipment preparation, loading of containers and passenger manifesting. After processing and upon acceptance by the DACG, PSA or POE unit processing agent, redeploying forces are loaded aboard strategic lift.
Organizational Responsibilities
Movement to and activities at POEs is a coordinated effort between the redeploying unit and supporting organizations and commands. The following discussion identifies select redeployment functions and responsibilities of the ASCC or ARFOR, theater support command and redeploying unit.
ASCC/ARFOR . During movement to the POE the ASCC commander and staff provide the interface between the JFC and the redeploying Army units. In coordination with the JFC staff, the ASCC/ARFOR headquarters identifies AAs and RAAs and subordinate unit locations within these areas. The ASCC and subordinate commands develop timelines for moving from AAs/RAAs to POE, turning in equipment, performing washdown operations, conducting reconstitution, creating and updating the DEL, determining container, flatrack, 463L pallets and BBPCT requirements and issue procedures, conducting maintenance, and establishing life support measures. Movement orders can be issued sequentially for each movement or may be contained in one movement order designating the timing and means of transport to each point enroute to the POE. In most cases, the TSC in coordination with the ARFOR or subordinate command issues movement tables, which give detailed instructions for moves to redeploying units. A movement table is normally issued as an annex or appendix to a movement order or instruction. Other ASCC activities include:
Theater Support Command . The TSC normally provides support that is beyond the capability of the tactical component of the ARFOR. The TSC commander directs an ASG and/or logistics support element (LSE) to provide redeployment support to redeploying units. This support may include:
The TSC is also responsible for establishing and operating any required convoy support centers, to include aircraft support locations for units self-deploying by air. These centers are enroute support locations for moving units. Depending on the distances to be traveled, one of the following levels of support must be established at these locations.
Redeploying Units
Upon receiving a warning order, the unit starts the redeployment process. Units evaluate the assigned mission, current unit status, and requirements to accomplish the redeployment mission. If the unit is redeploying to another theater, it must also plan for employment in that theater. Depending on their mission and redeployment scenario, redeploying units perform the following functions as a part of the Movement to POE phase.
ACTIVITIES AT THE PORT OF EMBARKATION
Units generally redeploy through APOEs and SPOEs, although railways and roads are also used. Unit personnel normally redeploy by air, while unit equipment moves by sealift.
Organizational Responsibilities
A number of organizations must synchronize their efforts at POEs to effectively conduct redeployment. ASCC and TSC functions and responsibilities are essentially the same regardless of the type of POE.
ASCC/ARFOR . Support responsibilities of the ARFOR tactical support organizations and their major subordinate elements diminish as units move through the POE. These organizations act as the bridge between redeploying units and the TSC and other supporting organizations. As redeploying units approach and process through the ports, ARFOR organizations perform the following functions:
Theater Support Command
As units move to and through the POE, the TSC/ASG or other designated support organization accomplishes the following:
Units may need to move equipment to APS turn-in sites while also moving personnel and equipment to POE marshaling areas. Upon arrival at the port, units complete processing for strategic movement. Redeploying unit activities prior to and upon arrival at the port include:
Marshaling Activities at POEs
During redeployment, marshaling involves separating personnel and equipment at or near the POE and preparing equipment for shipment. To avoid congestion in the ports, marshaling typically occurs in marshaling areas as near the port as possible. Figure 3-16 depicts a representative marshaling area with associated activities. Essentially, the unit prepares personnel and equipment for processing through the POE operations areas. Units may conduct some marshaling in assembly areas (AAs and RAAs) when lack of sufficient available space or other factors prevent the establishment of separate marshaling areas.
Unit activities in the marshaling process are the responsibility of the redeploying unit commander. The redeploying unit completes the functions required to prepare equipment and personnel for loading aboard strategic lift. The unit may move by air, rail, ship, or barge. Marshaling operations are specific to the mode of transportation, but have similar load preparation requirements. The following paragraphs address marshaling considerations for redeployment sealift and airlift.
Figure 3-16. Representative Marshaling Area Operations
Marshaling at SPOE
The SPOE marshaling is the final enroute location for preparation of unit equipment for strategic movement prior to the equipment entering the port staging area. Equipment should arrive by rail or truck within 48 hours of the ship-loading time. Equipment arriving in a marshaling area is segregated in accordance with the cargo stowage plan. When a separate marshaling area is not available, units enter directly into the port staging area.
The unit prepares helicopters arriving at the SPOE marshaling area for vessel movement. Helicopter cocooning includes reduction, defueling, packing, and shrink wrapping. If space is available inside the SPOE, the unit cocoons the helicopters as close to the vessel as possible to reduce possible damage to the helicopter during movement.
Marshaling at APOE
Marshaling activities should take place as close as possible to the departure airfield. Marshaling area locations should facilitate airfield operations and redeploying unit functions. Unit responsibilities specific to the APOE marshaling area are as follows:
Railheads
Railheads may serve as intermediate locations for transport to APOEs and SPOEs. In some circumstances they may serve as a primary means for transporting equipment to final destinations (for example, returning equipment from Bosnia to central European storage facilities). The following activities are required when railways are a part of the redeployment process:
Entry to POE Operations Area
Whether the unit is moving from the POE marshaling area or directly into the port from an enroute location, provisions must be made to complete several key processes. Personnel and equipment have separate processing requirements. Unit load teams and drivers begin this phase when they arrive at the POE. Load teams drive their equipment from the marshaling area to, and usually onto, the transportation provided.
Equipment/Cargo Processing . Before entering the POE operations area, units complete final washdown, customs inspections, and documentation. Processing normally requires a separate sterile area close to the loading area to prevent compromise of agricultural clearances. After acceptance by the POE processing agent, equipment, as well as personnel, are quarantined until loaded aboard strategic lift.
Personnel processing . Units conduct a final manifest call. Personnel are processed (check identification tags and cards, earplugs, and other items as directed) and a manifest developed. Anti-hijacking briefings are conducted and weigh-in of personnel and equipment is completed. Processing actions for commercial charter aircraft are in accordance with commercial charter instructions and joint transportation regulations. Personnel process hand-carried items with customs inspectors and fill out declaration forms .
APOE Operations
APOE operations are divided into four major areas: the marshaling area, alert holding area, the call forward area, and the loading ramp area. Operating within these areas is the deploying unit, the DACG, the TALCE, and the load team. T he DACG and the tanker airlift control element (TALCE) control operations in the alert holding area, call forward area and loading ramp area. The DACG is typically tailored from a cargo transfer company. It coordinates all unit efforts at the APOE. A port MCT is the interface between the unit and the DACG. It controls all movement of redeploying units on the airfield up to the ready line. At the ready line, the TALCE assumes control and coordinates movement to the aircraft. For details on APOE major operational areas and specific responsibilities of the deploying unit, DACG and TALCE, see the Aerial Port of Embarkation Operations discussion in Section II of this Chapter, and FM 100-17-5. A lso see DOD 4500.9-R, Defense Transportation Regulations, Part III, Mobility.
SPOE Operations
Units normally move to the SPOE marshaling area from their assembly areas or an enroute location. However, units may have to move directly into the SPOE staging area. The port MCT provides clearance for entry in the ports. The port operator and SDDC port manager control SPOE operations.
Redeploying Unit . Upon arrival at SPOE, redeploying units perform the following actions:
As vessels are prepared for loading, the port operator calls equipment to the port staging area based on the call forward plan. The PSA performs functions such as driving vehicles and correcting deficiencies not corrected in the marshaling area. Within the port staging area, the unit:
For more information on SPOE operations see the Seaport of Embarkation Operations discussion and Figure 3-4 in Section II of this Chapter, and FM 100-17-5.
PHASE III. MOVEMENT TO POD
From boarding at the POE until offloading at the POD, passengers and cargo are under the authority of USTRANSCOM. If redeploying to another theater, Army commanders retain command of units and report to the gaining command. When redeploying to home station, the home station parent command assumes C2 of units at PODs. The home station command monitors the redeployment process from PODs to home station and resolves problems.
PHASE IV. RECEPTION, STAGING, ONWARD MOVEMENT AND INTEGRATION
Units may redeploy to home/demobilization stations in the US or overseas, or redeploy to another overseas location for operations. In the first case RSO&I is a matter of reception at the POD and movement to and activities at home/demobilization stations. If the unit redeploys to another theater to undertake operations, its actions from POD to assumption of new missions are governed by the principles in FM 100-17-3, RSO&I. Since RSO&I operations were previously covered in Section II of this chapter, the following discussion focuses on the process for units redeploying to home/mobilization stations. This process consists of reception and onward movement.
Reception
Reception is the process of offloading personnel and equipment from strategic or operational transport, marshaling local transport, and providing life support to redeploying personnel. The supporting installation, ASG or other supporting organization and the commander receiving the forces develops a reception and onward movement plan for all arriving forces and equipment. When possible, commanders of redeploying units send advance parties to coordinate the processing of the arriving units. A key requirement during this phase is coordinating the onward movement of forces to their destinations.
Once cargo arrives at the destination SPOD, the SI or other designated support organization has the primary role of coordinating with the SDDC port manager for reception and onward movement of the cargo. The SDDC water terminal coordinates for commercial transportation support or unit organic lift capability for purposes of port clearance. SDDC works closely with the PSA and installation transportation officers to monitor the arrival of the returning equipment. All cargo is monitored by the TCN assigned to it through the TC-ACCIS or Transportation Coordinators’- Automated Information for Movement System II (TC-AIMS II). The ITOs receive the movement documents for all equipment that flows through their areas of responsibility. The ITO also receives the commercially delivered assets, processes all paperwork, and releases the equipment to the unit. It is the unit's responsibility to account for all equipment. The unit accomplishes this accounting using its DEL/UDL.
Supporting Installation Functions
The SIs identified by geographical area in Army Regulation 5-9, Area Support Responsibilities, have the responsibility for planning and executing the return of units from the POD. Units redeploying to a foreign location are supported by a TSC/ASG or other organization that performs the functions of the US installation. In preparation for redeployment, the installation coordinates the actions and location of required support for the arrival ports and airfields. This includes coordination with the PSA and AACG as well as establishment of any enroute support sites required by the redeployment plan.
Specific support functions provided by an SI may be stipulated in interservice or intraservice support agreements. In the United States , specific installations identified in FORSCOM/ARNG Reg 55-1 perform the PSA and AACG functions. The SI provides installation functions and support to the PSA and AACG. It provides security assistance as needed through military police at the installation. The SI also coordinates with SDDC and other affected agencies to perform inbound freight, rail, air, and highway operations. This includes providing commercial transportation, MHE, and CHE as needed. The SI monitors operations, resolves problems, and reports as required to higher headquarters and other coordinating organizations.
Supporting Unit Functions
Supporting units (e.g., ARNG, USAR, and other nondeployed units) provide assistance when tasked by the SI. These support functions may include receiving unit personnel and equipment or augmenting the PSA or AACG
Redeploying Unit Functions
After the lift arrives at the POD, the unit begins the download. Support units and non-deployed home station personnel assist the redeploying unit. Unit responsibilities at the POD include the following:
Onward Movement
Onward movement is the process of moving personnel and accompanying materiel from reception, marshaling, and staging areas to their destinations. The SI is responsible for supporting arriving forces until they arrive at their destination. This includes assistance in onward movement. The SI helps in obtaining required transportation assets and movement clearances. In the US , the SI's ITO coordinates with the Defense Movement Coordinator (DMC) within each state. The DMC is responsible for approving convoy clearances and coordinates with the state Department of Transportation (DOT) for obtaining special hauling permits. Depending on local policy and the reception plan, representatives/assistance teams from the Corps, other divisional units, and the supporting ITO office may be present to assist in onward movement tasks such as rail loading, vehicle maintenance, convoy clearances and enroute support.
The preferred method for onward movement is typically the same as used in the fort-to-port portion of deployment. If moving by road, the unit conducts serial/convoy operations in accordance with movement SOPs and installation guidance. Convoy clearances are processed and approved and movement times established. The convoying unit submits status reports as required by higher headquarters. If the unit moves by rail, the following functions apply:
Activities at Destination Installations
As units prepare for and execute redeployment, destination installation or ASG commanders plan and prepare for the units return.
Installation Functions at Destination
Destinations for AC units are home stations. RC units return through a demobilization station. The demobilization station should be the same installation that served as the unit's mobilization station.
RC soldiers returning as individuals to CONUS for demobilization are processed at the CONUS replacement center through which they deployed. These centers are redesignated as CONUS demobilization centers (CDCs). CDCs receive, outprocess, and account for individuals returning from the theater. Individually returning AC soldiers and civilians also process through CDCs to turn in weapons, clothing, or protective gear issued at the processing center. RC individuals whose home of record is OCONUS should also return for processing through the same installation that processed them during mobilization/deployment. Follow-on locations for materiel returning to the US or for distribution elsewhere are determined through the automated distribution process by HQDA, AMC, and DLA.
Activities of demobilization stations are part of the demobilization process and are discussed in FM 100-17, Mobilization, Deployment, Redeployment and Demobilization; JP 4-05 , Joint Doctrine for Mobilization Planning; and JP 4-05.1 , Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Manpower Mobilization and Demobilization Operations, Reserve Component (RC) Callup.
Functions of destination home stations include:
Unit Functions at Destination
Upon arrival at destination, units participate in reception activities. Specific unit tasks include:
 |
 |
 |
